  

 electrons (focal body +criton swirl) pulson segments

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PC Blog 2 – charges

{blackmon@pivotalconceptsinscience.com} [Blog 2 has been extracted and adapted from the sub section VII-B. Structures and Functions Associated with the Electron and Proton of The Criton Oscillator Model (COM) available at http.www.critonoscillator.com. A significant download time exists. Although some figures have been omitted, the original figure numbers for the section have been retained and coded with the prefix “C”; i.e. Fig. 2 from sub section VII-B = C-Fig. 2 for PC Blog 2. References to other sections of COM have been included where relevant. Macron is a generalized term utilized to describe a body that possesses a hierarchical structure composed of sub components that are composed of critons. The macron of Fig. 1 represents the proposed structural features for the electron and proton. Each would possess a different focal body.]

Introduction

In PC Blog 1- light, utilizing the criton swirl as the source for energy, the transfer of energy as pulsons to account for phenomena associated with electromagnetic radiation was developed. In PC Blog 2-charges, the criton swirl is associated with the structures of the electron and the proton to account for their electrostatic and magnetic properties.

A separate aspect of the photon phenomenon (electromagnetic radiation) is a consideration of its source. There appears to be a strong association between the electron-proton complexes and sources of electromagnetic radiation. A mechanistic enigma concerns how photons of different frequencies and thus different energy levels can be created by an apparent stationary source and travel at the velocity c. (What do different frequencies imply about spacial distributions of electromagnetic emissions?) It would seem likely that the structure and properties of a pulson should be directly related to its source. The fields associated with the conceptual development of electrostatic and magnetic forces and the production of electromagnetic radiation appear to emanate from charges and to pervade the space that surrounds them. That is an anticipated location for evidence of the crossover zone. (Zones).

Within the appropriate temperature ranges the chemistry and physics of the environment of the Platform Reference Frame (PRF) are largely functions of the charges associated with the atomic components (referred to as oscillators) of the Periodic Chart. Each oscillator’s domain and population of critons is centered on its equilibrium point govern by its stacking pattern, crifor and velose content. (See discussion in U. components for the philosophical bases for the proposed ultimate components.) The only allowable primary field (force) in COM is crifor, which is a property permanently anchored to the criton. Velose is exchanged among critons at contact, whereupon critons “appear to” acquire a repulsive element and is generated by crifor to create an attractive impulse. (These properties allow the creation of a clock.) Thus there is an inherent property of critons to participate in oscillations. The rate of change of translational velose of a body is measured as a force at the observational level that is manifested as a rate of change of velocity. Vocitus, by itself, has no properties. Operating within these restrictions, there must be some structural features of charged particles that are responsible for electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena that trace back to and arise from critons, crifor, and velose. A repeated question is: “How many layers of substructure or domains exist between the ultimate components and the conglomerates or domains of observations?”

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ELECTRON AND PROTON

In the exercise of proposing a structural basis for charges the following points and questions have been utilized to guide the reasoning process:

1. If the descriptions for the ultimate components (U. components) of the microcosm are accepted as proposed and if observations from the PRF (Platform Reference Frame), i.e. that point relative to which we take measurements, are to be utilized for validation, models for the electron and proton, as well as their associated phenomena, must be consistent with both. This represents a higher order requirement than is placed upon contemporary models since they need only be consistent with observations. On the other hand, if COM is valid, the explanations associated with experimental results should be facilitated by knowledge of the ultimate components.
2. Contemporary models for the electron largely amount to a point to which properties have been attached. Relative to that point the properties are recruited on a selective basis while ignoring the paradoxes of a collective consideration of the superimposed properties. (Why should a charged particle in a specified accelerated, directional motion relative to an observer express the properties of a magnetic field? Why should the direction of the field be perpendicular to the direction of motion?)

3. Concepts of virtual particles that pop into and out of existence from nothing are considered as ad hoc explanations. They are analogous to loop holes in our laws that indicate imperfect concepts arising in the zones where our measurements are uncertain. Although there is no explanation given for the creation of the ultimate components, the quantity of critons, their crifor, and the total velose are constants. All conglomerates, i.e. any body composed of parts, with their associated properties, arise from the ultimate components.

4. In current scientific theories the magnetic properties of an electron that is not in translational motion relative to an observer are proposed to result from or be associated with the rotation or an intrinsic spin of the charge. This implies parts for the phenomenon of charge, i.e. in order to spin an entity must have parts according to Axiom I. (See Fig. 1 in U. components.) With parts comes internal structure. Associated with structures, the collective properties of their populations of sub components emerge. How does a charge spin? Does every charge spin at the same rate? What is rotating, and to what or how are these rotating parts of charges anchored? What holds a charge together? Like charges repel each other. Why are not parts of the same charge mutually repulsive?

5. The key properties at the measurement level that place electrons and protons in a unique category are their electrostatic and magnetic forces. Otherwise they might be expected to behave as idealized billiard balls. The electrostatic and magnetic forces appear to be anchored to and functions of the proton and electron.

6. The coexistence of the gravitational (crifor), electrostatic, and magnetic forces creates a conceptual enigma. If they are distinct, separate forces that are continuous in space and are mediated by particles, i.e. quantum theory of subatomic particle interactions, how do they coexist in the same space without apparent interaction? Each has the commonality that expresses itself in changes in the relative movements of matter. Within COM, changes in the relative movement of matter represents changes in relative velose content that in turn are related to criton collisions or crifor.

7. Charge and magnetic properties must arise associated with some structural feature of the electron and proton from combinations of the ultimate components since as described the ultimate components do not individually possess these properties. Repulsive forces arise from the exchanges of velose. Attractive forces are an expression of crifor that generates directional velose (U. Components).

8. A possible interpretation of the apparent co-disappearance of matter and charges and the appearance of energy associated with the collisions of particles, such as the positron and electron, is that there is a substructure to the matter beyond that of the positron and electron. Thus the charge phenomenon is created or emerges at a structural level above the ultimate components.

9. The annihilation or disappearance of charges and the apparent conversion of mass into energy occur together. The disappearance of mass potentially represents the fractionation of matter into components of the crossover zone (Zones). Once an oscillator is fractured the velose of the escaping particles becomes available to its local environment. The balance of velose vectors is preserved in the populations of critons by the directions of emitted pulsons when collisions occur.

10. How about the creation of charges? Is the energy-matter accounting system correct? It is considered unlikely that the associated appearance of the positron and electron could arise solely from the spontaneous reallocation of the matter-energy complex within gamma radiation as has been reported. Since particles and antiparticles occur in pairs the possibility must be considered that they arise from the fractionation of some undetected neutral particle. This suggests that in the creation and annihilation of electrons and positrons that the inter conversions of mass and energy as alluded to in 8 and 9 above do not represent the whole or an accurate picture.

11. There is an asymmetry or lack of uniformity with the quantity of matter associated with charges. Since the matter contents of the proton and electron are many orders of magnitude different, whereas their charge effects are observed to be of equal magnitude, the magnitude of their charges is proposed to be a manifestation of some common feature of their respective structures.

12. Why is the charge, if it is given a fundamental status, not transferable from one body to another as velose or momentum? Like crifor that stays with its criton it cannot be transferred. The transfer of charge under experimental conditions is the transfer of an electron or proton or their antiparticles. Hence, the charges appear to be associated with and dependent on their structures.

13. In the apparent parity of charges why do not the opposite charge components of the electron and proton annihilate each other? Instead their association in the hydrogen atom appears to stabilize or subdue the interactions of their structures. Associated with the reversal of the ionized state is the release of energy in the form of radiation and the neutralization or muting of their field effects beyond the composite body. A hydrogen atom is much less reactive and thus more difficult to detect than a proton or an electron. Might this not be considered a “mild” form of annihilation? Encounters between antiparticles and particles under the appropriate conditions (small relative translational velocities as with the reversal of ionization) result in their mutual annihilation or disappearance and a release of energy. This also annihilates or obscures the charges. What does annihilation mean? Is there something different about the configuration of the charges associated with the antiparticles? Would a composite structure such as an electron-positron that should represent a neutral particle be detected? Could positronium in its most stable state occupy this niche? Perhaps the “creation” of electron-positron pairs would mean their separation from such a particle.

14. There is no restriction on the destruction of single charges within COM. It is not required that positive and negative charges must be annihilated as pairs. There is a tremendous energy gap between room temperature and a velose level necessary to destroy the structural integrity of the electron. Perhaps a unique structural relationship between particles and their antiparticles facilitates the mutual annihilation process under experimental conditions. Is, as mention above, annihilation being confused with the inability to detect? Hence from an observational perspective they appear to occur together and the deduction is made that a complete conversion of matter into energy has been expressed.

15. Why is there a specific (perpendicular) orientation of the magnetic fields about an electron or proton exhibiting net directional or accelerated motion? Why does the expression of the magnetic field appear to be associated with the motion of charges relative to the observer rather than the motion of particles relative to each other, i.e. electrons possessing the same translational velocity as in parallel wires that are attracted to each other? (Has it been proposed in order not to “offend” the concept of Relativity?) It implies that the motion of the observer has an impact upon the interacting bodies, and not just the observational process. Where is direct evidence to support this premise, i.e. an example of the movement of an observer relative to charges? There must be some structural feature of the charged entity to account for this observation. Why is the intensity of the magnetic field a function of the electron’s velocity and not a precise value as observed for the electron’s charge?

16. Electrons in a conductor appear to be in random motion until an electromotive force (EMF) is created between points in the conductor. If extra electrons are forced into a conductor it becomes charged and the electrostatic force is manifested. (Why do the electrons prefer to be confined within the borders of the conductor rather than rapidly exiting to free space when their numbers exceed the positive charges?) If electrons are forced to pass through the conductor their magnetic effects become apparent. Do the magnitudes of the speed of individual electrons change as a result of the EMF or is the magnetic field that is expressed mostly related to the net directional movement and the degree of disengagement from the positive charges within the conductor?

17. What is the nature (mechanics) of an electromotive force that creates current in a wire?

18. Why is our section of the universe dominated by the electron and proton rather than their anti particles?

The Emergence of Charge and Spin from Criton-swirl Patterns

If an entity has matter associated with it, it must have structure. The properties of charge, current and magnetism have been characterized based on measurements from our laboratories. With these characterizations have come models. Uncertainty is always a factor in measurement. [The smallest vehicle of communication is the criton. In order to utilize it to monitor a macron’s position, a population of critons must collide with that body and create a return signal such as a pulson. As the monitored macron (particle) becomes smaller, the measurement process potentially alters the velose status of the macron by a greater percentage. Hence, its future position and associated velose compliment are altered to greater extents and become more uncertain.] Once a model becomes ingrained, it is difficult to consider subsequent observations without automatically visualizing them in terms of the model. The acceptance of a model or theory establishes mindsets relative to how observations can be interpreted. From the perspective of COM, domain models represent conceived assembled pieces of the jigsaw puzzle that must fit into the overall puzzle and must be compatible with the ultimate components. The feature that differentiates proton and electron models from billiard-ball-type particles is what has been defined and described as charge. What is charge?

Charge manifests itself as a force (rate of change of velose) at the observational level in apparent unit quantities associated with electrons and protons. In C-Fig. 2 A and C-Fig. 2 B, a representative contemporary model of the electron and a generalized structural prototype for the COM electron are compared. Although the COM models for the expressions of charge and magnetism were developed from consideration of experimental results and the need to accommodate the ultimate components, the model for the charge is presented first without a step-by-step justification or rational. Antiparticles of electrons and protons possess the opposite translational motion relative to the directions of rotations for their criton swirls. Later the model will be interfaced with a logic path from the ultimate components and experimental observations that provide support for its postulation.

Contemporary models position charge as a fundamental entity; whereas, within COM it is a manifestation of crifor associated with a structural feature, the criton swirl. The field lines typically drawn for charges and magnets become associated with criton/crosson tracks (a type of criton chain where critons are held together by crifor). Each satellite criton is a locus of crifor expression and a vehicle for velose that is under the influence of the proton or electron and the population of critons within its swirl. As will be developed, instead of a rotating point charge that generates a magnetic field relative to itself or a magnetic field around its direction of translation motion (C-Fig. 2A), the swirls of critons associated with the proton and electron account for properties of both charge and magnetism (C-Fig. 2 B and C-Fig. 3). The structural model proposed for the electron is somewhat analogous to a gyroscope whose ring (criton swirl) is attached by crifor but not proportionally as rigidly as the physical structure associated with man-made gyroscopes. Therefore, there is more freedom in the relative distortion factor between the ring and the axis core as equilibrium conditions are challenged. The swirls are components of the proton and electron. Thus, their domains are extended as a consequence of a unique structural feature.

The proposed structure for the swirls associated with the proton and electron as presented in C-Fig. 2 B is considered to be an oversimplification. The swirl patterns might be more stable if they also possessed an integrated sector as an internal component of the proton and electron in such a manner that they can be forced back to form a neutron under the appropriated conditions. The Saturn-type swirls could present vulnerability during collisions that could lead to the creation of “naked” uncharged derivatives of protons and electrons separated from their criton swirls. However, a swirl formed of critons with the appropriate intra-swirl velose differences among critons might confer sufficient stability to the swirl structure such that it remains intact during manipulations in the laboratory. In such a scenario the swirl reacts as an entity with the electron’s core. An alternative is that the matter of the electron resides in the criton swirl, i.e. the criton swirl is the electron. The discussion in this section is developed primarily utilizing the Saturn-type structure.

An important property of the criton swirl is the centrifugal velocity of the critons within the swirls relative to the EP (equilibrium point) of the proton or electron. COM does not allow the inter conversions of matter with energy. This means that there must be some mechanism to enable small macrons to harbor active velose that in some instances, as with electromagnetic radiation, is released at the velocity of c. The centrifugal velocity of the swirl is placed at c. Thus the criton swirl appears to occupy a mechanistic position that potentially accounts for the spin of the electron, the pulson, the permeability (μ0) of space and the permittivity (e0) of space; i.e. c = (e0μ0)-1/2.

Charge and the electrostatic bond

The introduction of a criton between two larger bodies creates an additional increment of attraction between such bodies above their inherent crifor or gravitational effects. It is derived from their mutual interactions with the intervening criton. The expression of crifor per unit matter is maximal when two critons are in contact and “see” each other without obstruction. Thus the links of the chains forming the swirl patterns are held together with an intense force (per unit of matter) if critons are closely spaced and associated with small velose differences relative to each other. At contact velose is exchanged that creates apparent repulsion between critons. The interactions of the criton swirl can be understood in terms of these mechanisms of dynamics. The compositions and dispositions of the swirls are influenced by their velose contents and the dynamics of their mother macrons. The radii of orbital motion for single critons would be inversely proportional to the magnitudes of their translational velose in orbit around the focal body. However, at some point, as the number of critons comprising the swirl increased, it would in essence become a type of ring body. The ring body would be internally stabilized by the mutual interactions of its criton components that in turn would interact with its core focal body as a circular unit, not as individual critons. If critons are removed or added while maintaining the same internal relative velose among critons, the ring will equilibrated to a smaller or larger circumference. If its internal velose is altered, the volume of the ring changes. The COM and contemporary models are to be analyzed with respect to the observations for electrostatic charge, current, and magnetism.

If a single chain of critons passed between two macrons or potential focal bodies, crifor interactions would enhance the apparent attraction between them as a result of their mutual interactions with the critons of the chain (C-Fig. 3 A). Building upon this effect, the proposed participation of the criton swirl in the electrostatic bond is presented in C-Fig. 3 B&C for the formation of the hydrogen atom from a proton and electron. When a proton and an electron are in proximity under the appropriate velose conditions, such that they are not govern by a translational impetus (difference in velose) associated with their EPs, a stable anti-rotational swirl (gear-mesh) couplet will form (C-Fig. 3 C), i.e. a hydrogen atom is created. Under these conditions the swirl associations dominate the translational motions of the respective domains of the charges. This configuration is analogous to rotating gear systems coming together so that their rotational motions work together. It represents the arrangement such that the active velose of the swirls is the least antagonistic as the crifor reacts to create an attractive impetus as the swirls merge. There is an equilibrium condition such that when velose conditions are below it, an attractive force resulting from crifor is observed and a condition of mutual capture develops between the electron and proton. The much greater matter of the proton creates a condition such that the electron essentially revolves around or is trapped by the proton. In transitions between non ionized and ionized states as the velose of the system passes through a balance-point level, the swirl rings may exhibit mutual oscillatory patterns as the swirls bump together that are accompanied by the emission of critons. The loss of velose is mediated by criton emissions and the hydrogen atom will come to a velose state commensurate with its environment. An assessment of the localized, micro environment for a specific atom can only be approximated in a statistical fashion.

Starting with a stable hydrogen atom if internal velose is added so the equilibrium condition is exceeded there will develop an apparent repulsive force between the proton and electron, i.e. ionization will occur. (Internal velose may be enhanced by collisions among macrons and/or exposure of macrons to radiation.) Associated with the ionization process or its reversal is the production of radiation. This radiation, termed electromagnetic radiation, departs the point of origin at c. Ionization is an expression of the velose having exceeded the capacity of crifor to hold the electron and proton together. The major component of this process is the translational velose differences developed between the electron and proton. In coming (dropping) from a state of ionization to a lower velose level, the formation of the proton – electron bond is favored in the higher velose environment since the swirls are compatible when the electron and proton are going in the same directions (C-Fig. 3 C). Therefore, relative to the potential for anti-swirl formation, a greater translational velose difference is expressed between electron pairs and between proton pairs for a given system velose level than between electrons and protons. The proton also probably presents a criton swirl with a larger circumference. If the formation of the anti swirl bond requires a stabilization interval as the swirls mutually equilibrate, lower relative velocities would favor the proton to electron bond. Before conditions are obtained under most experimental situations that would allow antiparticle (particles with opposite translational motion) associations, such as electron to positron, the electrons and protons would have been consumed in the formation of the proton-electron complex.

At a relative velocity of zero the meaning of anti particles would cease to exist since they are functions of the orientations of spin relative to translation motion. Within COM the proton–antiproton and the electron-positron “bonds” should be possible under the appropriate velose conditions. If such anti-particles combinations exist in space their neutrality would make them difficult to get a handle on, especially if we do not expect their existence and they are highly stable under conditions in which we conduct experiments.

Why does our section of the Universe appear to be dominated by electrons and protons and not equally shared with their antiparticles? Antiparticles within COM are electrons or protons with opposite swirl rotational orientations relative to their directions of translational motion. Antiparticles under appropriate conditions should form stable anti atoms within the framework of COM. On the one hand, there may be more to the structures of antiparticles than the orientations of their criton swirls relative to the directions of motions. On the other the formations of “anti” hydrogen atoms from antiparticles may be equivalent experimentally from the PRF to the common mode of hydrogen formation in that after formed they separate in the ionization process under experimental conditions to give the proton and electron. The association of the electron and proton in the hydrogen atom may be configured such that separation predominately produces the proton and electron and not their antiparticles. Perhaps the structural parameters within the electron and proton are such that their spin natures create the orientation shown in C-Fig 3 B when their translational acceleration exceeds a critical value. As will be developed, the proposed interactions associated with magnetic fields seem to require that the criton swirls possess a specific direction of rotation relative to the translational velocity vector of their governing electron or proton. When swirls approach so that they possess counter flow at the point of contact, repulsion is expressed between charges. In the absence of an externally imposed EMF, such that protons and electrons contained in a larger body of the appropriate material are allowed to exhibit apparent random motion (electrons are the mobile moiety), like charged bodies will repel each other (C-Fig. 3 C-2 and Fig. 28 and Fig. 30). This implies a predominate orientation of swirl rings relative to translational motions for electrons and protons. On a random basis it would be expected that bodies with the same directional tracts would have longer intervals of juxtapositions with lower relative translational velose differences than those of opposite velocity vectors. The centrifugal velocity of critons within a criton swirl is very high relative to the EP for charges (It is proposed to be c.), while the critons within the swirl have low relative velocities to each other.

The criton to criton association is the strongest possible expression of crifor per unit of matter. It is proposed that under appropriate low velose conditions the electrostatic bond or the effects of anti-swirl orientations between the proton and electron can exist or be established over an extended distance and that it is this phenomenon that accounts for the electrostatic forces between charged particles. Its stability is a function of the relative movement, internal velose content, and distance apart of the electron and proton. The electrostatic, i.e. gear-mesh-type bond also can be utilized to explain why the charges of the proton and electron do not collapse together and “annihilate” each other. They reach a state of equilibrium that does not emit readily detectable signals. (Even though they “disappear”, we know that they are there.) From a reactive perspective the hydrogen atom is more subdued than the proton or electron. In this scenario positronium represents an activated state of the positron-electron association.

[The criton swirl is a dynamical entity. Lower internal velose should enhance the capacity of electrons and protons to be associated with critons. If isolated, a macron should emit radiation until it reaches a critical velose equilibrium state. For populations of particles, it is the state conceptually represented by absolute zero. However, the concept of temperature for an isolated particle must be scrutinized for its meaning. From the PRF the thermodynamic concept of temperature is based on the average translational random motion of confined populations of macrons. Radiation would be a function of the internal velose level of the macron. In a confined population the two factors of translational and internal velose are linked. ( In COM < www.critonoscillator.com> see Velose, Heat, Work, Temperature, the Thermometer, and the State of Matter in SECTION V – REFERENCE CONCEPTS AND COMPONENTS OF MEASUREMENT.) In order for a macron to remain above an internal velose level where criton emissions occur, it must continuously acquire velose and critons. Where do such velose and critons come from? (In COM see Section VII C – A Proposal for the Criton Sea.) A proposed protocol for velose exchanges in a population within a container has been presented. (In COM see Distortion, the Expression of Force, and the Redistribution of Velose Associated with Collisions for Non-rigid Bodies in SECTION VI – COLLISIONS OF MACRONS.)

The PRF exists in a “localized” base line level of active velose for the criton sea that has evolved with the windows of the Universe. (In COM see SECTIONS III - REFERENCE POINTS AND INTERVALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DOMAINS OF THE UNIVERSE and VII-C – A PROPOSAL FOR THE CRITON SEA.) Each inertial reference frame (macron) has associated with it an atmosphere of critons and crossons. Locally the sun keeps a volume of its sector of the Universe containing the PRF at a level of velose activity greater than that govern by the average for the criton sea. The emissions of the sun provide directional and frequency components to velose transfer to the macrons of its domain. As the internal velose level of a macron is lowered its potential for an attractive association for critons increases. As the internal velose is increased, oscillatory states for a macron (reference is to species that contain charges) are established that in turn are associated with patterned emission signals. When macrons are not undergoing collisions, the loss or gain of internal velose from macrons is mediated by a shuttle of critons among macrons and between macrons and the criton sea. The ability to store and lose internal velose stabilizes a macron’s structure and allows the macrons to act as energy modules. The criton swirls of electrons and protons are special examples of such associations that have an evolutionary history that in turn dictate the properties of matter associated with the PRF near “room temperature”. As the relative translational components of a population of macrons progresses toward zero, a point is reached where the properties manisfested are dictated by the mutual internal interactions of the criton swirls.]

Current—The Directional Movement of Charges

The depiction of the criton swirl as presented in C-Fig. 2 B-2 is that associated with an electron as it should exist in isolation after emission from an atom with accelerated translational motion toward the observer. Charges are very reactive with the matter associated with the PRF and are nearly always associated with a larger body as opposed to being isolated. When velose conditions within a body are reduced the formation of the electrostatic bond is favored. However, would be conductors represent a situation where electrons appear to move or drift in a random fashion within its borders, indicating that for some of its electrons the electrostatic bond does not restrict them to preferred loci. The formation of a specific electrostatic bond for such electrons in a conductor between a proton and electron is transitory. When conditions are created such that net directional movement occurs, the translational motion further reduces the opportunity for the formation of the electrostatic bond between protons and electrons. In contrast to the random movement of charges associated with electrostatic forces, a current is said to exist when conditions are created (an EMF) such that either protons or electrons are caused to move in a net directional manner. Directional movement also imposes or allows the creation of two dynamic types of structures for the population of electrons, the mutual swirl and the tandem stack (C-Fig. 5 B).

The observational association of motion relative to the observer has been conceptually oversimplified. It is not the direct effect of accelerated motion as has been interpreted from the PRF that produces a magnetic field, but rather the effect on orientation of the criton swirl that forced directional motion has on the charged particle. At the electron or proton level the “magnetic field” and “charge” field are composed of the same entities, i.e. criton swirls. Conditions are created such that instead of the electrostatic bond being the controlling factor, the directional translational velose is. Apparently the environment within a conductor in conjunction with an electro-motive force helps facilitates this. This shifts the negotiating options for the criton swirls. The movement of electrons in a common direction facilitates the formation of the mutual swirl among electrons as contrasted with gear mesh association between protons and electrons. When the EPs for electrons and protons are forced (accelerated) to assume net directional movement, the criton swirl assumes a perpendicular orientation relative to the direction of forced motion. Under experimental conditions in which electrons and protons are produced from the PRF the direction of rotation as the particles separate turns out to be clockwise for the electron and counter clockwise for the proton when the particles are approaching the observer (C-Fig. 3). It is the resultant of the experimental conditions under which electrons and protons separate and the swirl trying to establish equilibrium with the translational motion of the electron’s core. It would also seem that it must be a result of the evolutionary history of the Universe, structure of the electron and proton, and the ionization process. It is the same question as to why we do not exist in a universe of antiparticles instead of the particles we experience. (At this point no explanation is offered for why our section of the universe is wound as it is.)

When an electron, contained in a conductor, is forced to move in a net direction, its translational vector has exceeded the impetus of the swirl to dictate a stable association of the gear-mesh configuration or electrostatic bond. The dissociation of a specific electrostatic bond within a conductor is a special situation in that it can occur at low velose levels and allows the movement of electrons among similar sites (anchored protons) while being confined within the conductor. Because of their relative sizes and the nature of available conductors the properties of charges moving in a conductor are most readily demonstrated for electrons. Consider the movement of electrons along a wire where the direction of motion for the electron is forced by experimental conditions to be generally the same. The wire (conductor) is also a container that restricts by confinement the paths of electrons. Such a forced arrangement is proposed to contribute to formation of two types of associations between electrons: 1. A mutual swirl between electrons as indicated in C-Fig. 5 B-1 as a result of the rerouting of some of the critons from the individual swirls of participating electrons, and 2. A tandem association (the tandem stack) of electrons in which criton swirls follow the same translational paths (C-Fig. 5 B-2). Electrons are moving in the same net same direction and have been disengaged from the electrostatic bond. Each additional electron adds to the magnitude of the process. The result from the perspective of the conducting wire is an overall swirl surrounding the conductor. This is the structure that accounts for the magnetic field surrounding a current carrying wire (C-Fig. 5 A). However, it is not the same criton swirl structural pattern as that associated with a magnet. The formation of mutual swirl associations within a wire might also cause an increase in the resistance to movement along the conductor as opposed to individual electrons. Greater acceleration enhances and stabilizes the orientation. The tendency to form the electrostatic bond with positive charges within the conductor is still in operation; it has been over ridden. (Note this aspect of the magnetic field is not quantized unless experimental conditions count electrons.) The conductor becomes analogous to a giant, elongated electron in directional motion along the track of the wire. When two wires are aligned parallel with the same directional current they become attractive as they form a higher order mutual swirl couplet (C-Fig. 5 B). The velose content is at equilibrium for a smaller ellipse created by rerouting of critons to form mutual swirls while the internal antagonism of criton collisions that occurs at the periphery where the individual swirls approach is reduced.

The tandem association and the mutual swirl are not considered to be mutually exclusive. The tandem arrangement allows for an attractive impetus among aligned criton swirls that may help enhance current flow in response to the potential produced by battery electrodes. (See PC Blog 3-em waves.) The preferred path of electron movement appears to be along the periphery of a conductor. It is also of interest that on a negatively-charged, tear-shaped conductor the charge leaks off into the atmosphere from the narrowest point. The dynamics of the tandem and mutual association would seem to be consistent with this observation.

When current is passing in opposite directions an overall swirl is not possible since individual criton swirls of electrons are moving in counter directions. An effective “gear mesh” association cannot be formed between parallel wires because, as a result of their directions, the swirls “slam” into each other, exchange velose, and then pass on overpowered by their translational motion. (It would seem that such a process should emit a signal.) Before a pattern analogous to that for the electrostatic bond can be formed the translational velocity vectors of the electrons would have led to their separation. As the acceleration of electrons slows, interactions with protons and collisions within the conductor lead to deterioration of the tandem stack and the mutual swirl fields. As with the establishment of the electrostatic bond, when a proton and electron form a hydrogen atom, there must be an equilibrium condition, where the crifor of an association can contain the velose of their relative translational movements. Also of importance is that the EMF approaches zero as the net charge within the conductor approaches zero. Therefore, there are positive charges available to compete for dissociated critons swirls. In concert with the observed phenomena are the interactions of the properties of the electron with the condensed matter environment in which electrons are located.

An apparent contradiction of the theory of Relativity arises if the expression of the magnetic field surrounding the wire (C-Fig. 5) is said to be solely a result of the directional motion of the charges relative to the observer. The poles of different potential between which electrons move should always be considered as part of the reference system. Under experimental conditions the net movement of electrons from one pole to another can be counted. This does not equate with movement of an observer relative to poles where no net movement of electrons relative to the poles, to protons, and to each other occurs. The philosophical problem is eliminated if it is the orientation of the electron, responding to forced-directional motion, which under girds the observations. However, Relativity is not vindicated.

Magnetic Phenomena

A feature of a magnet in contrast to an individual charge, as visualized in COM, is that it represents a bipolar unit. Bipolar connotes structure. From an experimental perspective although their size and strength may vary the general shape of the field patterns associated with a magnet appears to be independent of size. Thus magnetic phenomena provide examples in which structure can be associated with properties. The magnetization process associated with permanent magnets appears to be mediated by the alignment of mini magnets, i.e. magnetic units or domains. Arrangements of smaller magnets can be placed together to create a larger magnet. Thus the overall apparent field structure may be an oversimplification that obscures its substructure. A key question is and has been: What is the smallest magnetic unit? Historically the discovery of the magnet preceded the mapping of magnetic fields and the magnet provides a ready reference device from the PRF (Platform Reference Frame). It provides a relative spatial orientation. The electro-magnet provides a key observational reference position since it can be created in the laboratory and thereby controlled to a limited extent. Utilizing the electro-magnet as the starting reference point, a structure (model) is proposed to account for magnetic phenomena in the context of COM. This sets the stage for experimental interpretation and testing.

When electrons contained within a conductor are forced to trace a circular path, as a result of the mutual circular criton swirls around a single wire, a more complex swirl structure is proposed to be formed (C-Fig. 6 B-2). The orientation of the criton swirls for a planer cross section perpendicular to the circular path of electrons is similar to the electrostatic bond configuration of C-Fig. 3 C. The overall resultant or secondary swirl constitutes the structure for the magnetic field lines that represents a functional interactive structure for comparison, i.e. the magnet. Thus within COM the smallest “idealized” magnetic unit is an electron traveling in a “circle.” Two magnets exhibit a specific interaction with respect to the orientation they assume relative to each other. This orientation and the patterns of iron particles sprinkled around a magnet have been associated with the model for the fields surrounding the magnets (C-Fig. 6 D). In COM the field lines with their directions are replaced by criton/crosson swirls that trace out or contribute to the creation of the iron-filing patterns associated with the field lines. Each addition of a properly manipulated electron creates an addition to the resultant swirl of critons about the composite structure. Each contained criton carries with it the influence of crifor that is anchored to the macron magnet. [Perhaps stabilized criton swirls can be enhanced by recruitment of critons from the criton sea (considered later).]

Analyses of Field Lines

The concept of field lines has been utilized to describe and help quantify both magnetic and charge effects. Justification for magnetic field lines originated with the observations of iron-particle patterns and the mutual interactions of magnets (C-Fig. 6 D and C-Fig. 6-E)). In a similar manner evidence for the field lines of electrostatic charges has been derived from the patterns of grass seeds or silk threads (die-electric particles) in an insulating medium containing charged electrodes (C-Fig. 7). The following points relative to assessing the underlying structural features associated with these observations are suggested:

Magnetic field lines

1. An iron particle introduced into the environment of a magnetic field is induced to become a small magnet; i.e. the criton swirl patterns of the inducing magnet creates an alignment pattern among the electron paths of the iron particles that is magnetic. Therefore in responding to the field of the magnet under study each micro particle amplifies and modifies the signal. Each is analogous to an isolated magnetic domain. It becomes a part of the signal. In the absence of all resistance a micro particle that can be induced to a magnetic state, introduced equal distance between the two poles, should tract preferentially to the entry pole.

2. The pattern formed against a sheet (C-Fig. 6 D) or in a colloidal suspension is a function of the magnetic field, the gravitational force, friction, and the physical restraint imposed by the size and shape of the iron particles. The force of gravity pulls the particles against the observational platform (such as a paper sheet) creating friction. A single particle moves until friction exceeds the magnetic force or the magnetic impulse becomes balanced. Often particles are set in motion by jarring the paper to facilitate pattern formation. As the ends of the particles come into contact a mechanical resistance is created and a larger, “leaky”, induced, elongated magnet is formed. Such composite magnets are represented by the iron-filing tracks (induced magnets) that form and appear to originate at different loci on the surfaces of the magnetic poles of the mother magnet. They are mutually repulsive and thus provide for a demonstration of apparent field lines. A series of independently derived tracts created by the introduction of temporally separated individual particles should provide a more valid representation of the field lines than a population of particles that create an overall resultant pattern involving mutual interactions. A composite of the individual tracks should provide evidence as to whether or not a specific magnet has a preexisting pattern of force paths or if they develop in conjunction with the interaction of the particles that comprise them.

3. A small permanent magnet responds in a similar manner to an iron particle except that it carries an already imprinted field, and will express a predetermined, specific orientation to another magnet. An example is the magnetic compass utilized to plot the field directions of a magnet under study (C-Fig. 6 E). A compass represents a situation in which the rotational friction of the compass has been greatly reduced; whereas, the sliding friction of the compass apparatus keeps it in place.

4. When thin metal slat-like pieces are arranged in a stack and are brought into contact with the pole of a magnet, the layers of slats separate (are mutually repulsive) while maintaining contact with the pole and assume relative positions analogous to field lines created by filing patterns. Implications are that the same overall processes are represented by the two events.

5. As iron particles are decreased in size and formulated into thin colloidal suspensions on the surface of the permanent magnet, patterns that indicate sub magnetic domains can be obtained. Therefore the permanent magnet of observation appears to be a mother magnet composed of a hierarchy of smaller domains or magnets. The field lines of a magnet indicate a net magnetic resultant for the orientation of the population.

These observations and points of interpretation do not allow a choice between a particle expressing a resultant between non-physical fields of the two poles and an iron particle interacting with criton swirls. Experimentally, we wish to choose between the options of an electron (“point”) spinning on its axis and an electron composed of a criton swirl and denser core as the bases for magnetic effects (C-Fig. 2 A versus C-Fig. 2 B). One proposed checkpoint is the electron loop or circuit as the foundation for magnetism for electro and permanent magnets. Within COM such circuits for permanent magnets are proposed to be created among populations of atoms and not just the electron in orbit around the nucleus of an atom.

Electrostatic field lines

Another proposed checkpoint for the COM electron is the criton swirl as a basis for the electrostatic bond (C-Fig. 7 cont.). The evidence to support the models for the electrostatic field lines associated with charges utilizes particles (such as small silk-thread pieces) that are poor conductors but can undergo dielectric polarization. Such particles are suspended in an insulating medium. The possibility that the silk thread particles are participants in and to some extent serve to create the pattern must be considered an option. However, what processes are occurring within the silk-thread pieces? When separated charges are brought into proximity, like and unlike charges form similar patterns with the die-electrically polarized particles as do like and unlike poles of magnets with iron particles (C-Fig. 7 A). Both arrangements express mutual attraction. If contact is made between unlike poles, the magnets morph into a larger single magnet; whereas, the expression of the electrical field is sequestered and eliminated for bodies of equal charges. When in near proximity similar visual patterns are also created for like poles of magnets compared with like charges. However, they are mutually repulsive and when brought into contact the overall magnetic field is modified and damped; whereas the visual presentation of electrical fields formed from dielectric particles tend to merge into the pattern for a single isolated charged body. When in juxtaposition, but not in contact, the paired, like magnetic poles and paired, like charges remain repulsive. The dynamics associated with the expression of the electrostatic and the magnetic bonds have been presented (C-Fig. 3, C-Fig. 5, C-Fig. 6, C-Fig. 6 D, C-Fig. 7, and C-Fig. 7 cont.).

In contemporary models the electrostatic field lines (C-Fig. 7 A-2) are proposed to begin and end on the electric charges, i.e. the surfaces of the bodies that contain a population of charges; whereas, the magnetic field lines are continuous and are presumed to pass through the permanent magnets (C-Fig. 7 A-5). However, for the COM model both the electrostatic and the magnetic fields at the criton level form closed loops composed of criton swirls. The magnetic field of a compass is a secondary loop that develops from the criton swirls of electrons executing net circular movement (C-Fig. 6 B-2). In interpreting evidence for electrostatic phenomena, each silk thread particle is considered to be analogous to a link in a chain of capacitors or dielectric particles that forms a series of closed loops that present a visual effect of a line (C-Fig. 7 cont.). The extended die-electric tracts created by a body are mutually repulsive as are iron-particle patterns for a magnetic field (C-Fig. 7 A). [Iron particle patterns surrounding a magnet are composed of chains of micro magnets.] In the absence of silk-thread particles, an isolated charged body would negotiate criton swirl equilibrium among its charged components. It is proposed that an isolated charge would not form the population of apparent single line, field structures deduced from patterns of die-electric particles. Its field would be a negotiated criton swirl pattern derived from the charge within and in equilibrium with its core body.

Presented in Fig. 28 are examples of observations associated with the development of electrostatic charge concepts. Within conductors protons are considered to occupy fixed loci; whereas, electrons are in constant motion among protons. Interactions manifested among charged bodies represent dynamical processes both among and within charged bodies. The disposition of charges depicted in Fig. 28 C and D are enigmatic. Why does the inner surface of the spherical shell appear not to be charged (Fig. 28 C), and how could the supposedly propensity for like charges to create maximum separation result in the bunching observations illustrated for Fig. 28 D? A tentative proposal is outlined in Fig. 29.

Fig. 29 A-1 represents the charge balance in the cross section of a neutral conductor in the shape of a cube. (For the purposes of illustration, individual charge domains are presented as cubical substructures of equal sizes.) Instead of a static situation as represented, electrons are in constant motion among ‘static’ protons. For a neutral conductor greater mobility for electrons is associated with surface electrons where the ratio of plus to minus charges is less than for the interior cubicles. When charge compliments are balanced, net fields are not created beyond a neutral conductor (Fig. 29 A-1). Utilizing the cubical structure each of the internal charges has the opportunity to be associated with six oppositely charged bodies. The configuration is proposed to be associated with an increased probability, under conditions of electron deficit, that an electron will occupy the negatively designated internal cubes for longer intervals as compared to surface cubes where at least one cubical wall is exposed to space.

In Fig. 29 A-2 the electron population is decreased below that of the protons; whereas for Fig. 29 A-3 excess electrons are added. This results in charges on the the surface being less exposed to charges of the opposite kind. Therefore, they are more interactive and for the body, the property of dominant charge type is expressed. It is at this level that Coulomb’s and Gauss’s Laws were developed.

In the interiors of surface walls a cubical component has five mutual sides with other cubes, whereas for the corner components there are three mutual sides. Therefore, if to one side of the cube a pyramidal structure constructed of small cubes is added, the ratio of exposed surface area to volume is increased (Fig. 29 B-1). Thus charges in such areas are less neutralized and more active. Upon the removal of electrons, since the interior cubes possess the greater affinity for electrons, an excess positive charge is created at the surface as electrons spend more time within the interstices of the conductor (Fig. 29 B-2). With the addition of excess electrons, the exposed sidewalls provide attractive loci that create an excess negative charge on the surface area (Fig. 29 B-3). There would be a greater availability of opposite charges in the pyramidal zone. It is proposed that these conditions create the apparent bunching of charges as noted in Fig. 28 D. [Could the interpretation for the bunching of charges be a consequence of the greater reactivity of the more exposed surface charges (Fig 29 B)?] A spherical body because of its uniform surface would not present a niche for the “bunching effect” of charges.

In Fig. 30 A the cross section of a sheet of a positively charged conductor, perpendicular to its plane, is represented. The charge is distributed in a nearly uniform manner over the conductor’s surface. When two such bodies approach each other along a line perpendicular to their surfaces, the charges undergo a redistribution such that the outside distal surfaces express the charge for respective bodies. Also a repulsive force is expressed for approaching bodies of like charges. This propensity when the conductor sheets are joined in the shape of a V allows the creation of an electroscope (Fig. 31-3). It is proposed that as the surfaces approach, their exposed charges mimic the interactions of two parallel planes in juxtaposition within the cube of Fig. 30 B&C. The interactions create a uniformly balanced condition between charges on both inner surfaces such that a neutral body placed between the surfaces is not inclined to be induced and when placed in contact with the inner surface, under conditions of Fig. 28 C, no electrons are transferred. Although interactions between surfaces are mutually balanced, the criton swirls of the dominant charge species create a repulsive force between surfaces as illustrated for the electroscope (Fig. 31-3).

It is the interactions of the charge moieties to create uniform distributions within conductors that enable scientists to treat a charged body of a uniform shape essentially as a single charge. In Fig. 31-1 the equilibration of charge between neutral and positively charged spheres of the same dimensions is illustrated. At contact the charge becomes equally distributed between bodies. In Fig. 31-2 the charge distribution is considered for different size spheres from the perspective of potential. When such spheres are connected with a wire their potentials equilibrate. The information presented in Fig. 28 D, regarding the bunching of charges, suggest that under such equilibrium conditions the density of charges or their reactivity should be greater on the smaller sphere.

When a positively charged smaller sphere is placed inside a larger spherical shell, initially in a neutral state, such that the two spheres do not make contact, the induction process creates a positive charge distribution on the outer surface of the larger sphere (Fig. 31-3 b). If the the smaller sphere is removed without touching the larger sphere, the larger sphere returns to its neutral state and the smaller sphere retains its positive charge (Fig. 31-3). If the smaller sphere is touched to the inside surface of the larger sphere, the smaller sphere acquires electrons, and the charge distribution on the outer surface of the larger sphere also becomes positive (Fig. 31-3 c). However, when the smaller sphere is removed, the larger sphere retains its positive charge (Fig. 31-3 d), exhibiting the properties of the hollow sphere shown in Fig. 28 C, i.e. a charged outer surface and an apparent neutral inner surface. If the smaller sphere is recharged in a positive manner, and again touched to the inner surface of the larger sphere, a greater positive charge is created on the outer surface of the larger sphere as electrons are extracted from its inner surface. This is the principle of the Van de Graaff generator. The mechanism presented in Fig. 30 is proposed to account for these observations.

Sources of the Pulson Signals

The production of electromagnetic magnetic radiation (pulsons) is intimately associated with charges. An abrupt change in the equilibrium patterns of criton swirls, whose centrifugal velocity is c, potentially creates the release of pulsons. Our ability to monitor events and the releases of energy from macrons are mediated by such pulsons.

Ionizations. Under low velose conditions populations of hydrogen atoms are stable and are associated with very low emissions of electromagnetic radiations. An isolated hydrogen atom with low internal velose would essentially be invisible. As the internal velose level of the hydrogen atom is increased the state of the electrostatic bond is modified and velose differences between the electron and proton challenge the integrity of the association. The bond is stretched and transiently broken. As the electron and proton grab and release each other via their criton swirls, pulsons are emitted as the electron bounces around the criton “jet stream” of the proton.

Internal Oscillations. Although the breaking and reformation of the electrostatic bond (ionization) is a possible source of radiation, it is hard to reconcile such an event with the shift toward higher frequencies as velose levels are increased. It would seem that such a model would require that the higher energies would be associated with lower frequencies since ejected charges would exist for longer intervals in a separated state, and how does one explain emissions of completely separated charges, i.e. isolated electrons and protons? The formations of internal, higher-frequency oscillators within the focal bodies of electrons and protons as depicted in Fig. 1 of PC Blog 1-light could possibly create frequency patterns associated with emitted pulsons, i.e. higher frequency with higher energy levels. The oscillations are visualized as dislodging criton pulses from the criton swirls, expelling critons from the interstices of the charges, and setting up apparent vibrational waves (pulsons) in space.

Mutual Swirls and Tandem Stacks. The mutual swirl and tandem stack bonds may be formed when electrons are coerced to travel in the same direction such that their translational motion dominates or overrides the opportunity to form the electrostatic bond. (Reference here is to electrons in a conductor. See C-Fig. 5.) A reversal in the direction of current creates the release of pulsons as tandem stack bonds are broken and reformed. This phenomenon occurs with alternating current and conceivably forms the basis for radio signals. The dominant role of the tandem stack in radio waves is developed in PC Blog 3-em waves. The dynamics of the mutual swirl and tandem stack would seem to favor their formations when electron drift is associated with an EMF; whereas the tandem stack should confer a stability factor associated with an established translational path for electrons. Although the formations and dissociations of mutual swirls should be associated with pulson creations, techniques to monitor the process have not been addressed.

Pulson Echo Sequence

After the primary production of a pulson, it appears to have the capacity, under appropriate conditions, to induce the production of secondary pulsons without the requirement to elevate the internal velose to that state associated with the production of primary pulsons from a mother source; i.e. a population of macrons. It may selectively alter the internal velose status of individual macrons that in turn emit de nova pulsons, thereby reducing their internal velose without significantly raising the velose of surrounding macrons. The secondary or echo pulsons are responsible for the phenomena of reflection, diffraction, refraction, and etc.

Dark-line absorption spectra of gases suggest that velose levels from specific pulson fronts (frequencies) are absorbed under appropriate conditions. When excited, separated atoms such as gases emit frequencies that are characteristic of the element (macron). In contrast when a gas is subjected to white light, under appropriate conditions, a reduction in intensity occurs (dark line absorption) that matches the emission spectrum. These observations are consistent with macrons that possess different focal bodies that segregate into specific, oscillating subcomponents at the expense of the energy of incoming pulson fronts. (See Fig. 1.)

Discussion

The charges of atoms are pivotal in the properties expressed by the elements of the Periodic Chart. A macron composed of a focal body + a criton swirl as shown in Fig. 1 has been has been proposed as the structure for the electron and proton. The criton swirl has been utilized to provide an explanation for transmission of energy as electromagnetic radiation, and the electro static and magnetic phenomena associated with charges.

The objective of COM is to provide a substructure, utilizing the ultimate components [U. components], that accounts for the utilities of current theories in the interpretations of observations. In PC Blog 3-em waves, Faraday’s fields have been augmented by associating them with criton swirl tracks. Of special interest is the application of the model to low temperature phenomena associated with superconductivity and magnetic effects. An extension of the discussion that provides additional support for the criton swirl model is presented in COM < www.critonoscillator.com >. In VII-B Structures and Functions Associated with the Electron and Proton see:

F. Experimental check points. p. 125.

4. The interactions of criton swirls in the formations of magnetic fields. p. 132.

(A review and elaboration of the structural hierarchy of the COM magnet is presented.)

5. Experiment 4 -- Electromagnets as micro components. p. 138.

(The orientation is to provide evidence that the magnetic effects of a permanent magnet are mediated by the criton swirls associated with extra atomic electron circuits rather than the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron associated with electron spin or the orbital motion of the electron in its shell. A difference between permanent and electromagnets is that permanent magnets are composed of families of closed electron circuits (domains) stabilized by tandem stacks after removal from an inducing magnetic field; whereas the electromagnets represent a single circuit composed of a circular coil driven by an external EMF and stabilized by tandem stacks )

G. Electrical and magnetic properties at low temperatures. p. 144.

1. Superconductivity. p. 144

2. Levitation of a magnet and the Meissner effect. p. 146.

3. Faraday’s induction law and Lentz’s law. p. 151.

4. Quantum Hall effect. p. 154.

(The variations in electron drift is a function of the nature of the condense matter container and temperature. Such variations as they are mediated at low temperatures are associated with the mutual swirl and tandem stack.)

In PC Blog 3-em waves, the proposed structure of electromagnetic radiation predicted by Maxwell’s equations is compared to that proposed from pulsons created in oscillating circuits.